Bridge security returned to the spotlight this week after the KelpDAO exploit triggered one of the first large-scale L2 interventions on record. 

Meanwhile, stablecoins continued their quiet expansion into mainstream payment infrastructure, and TradFi convergence moved forward in small but structurally meaningful steps.

🔎 Recent Updates & Developments

– KelpDAO was exploited via a forged LayerZero bridge message, releasing $292M in rsETH due to a validator flaw

– Arbitrum froze 30K ETH from the exploit, executing a rare L2-level intervention in bridge infrastructure

– Tether froze $344M USDT with U.S. authorities, reinforcing its compliance role in financial enforcement

– Japan's JSCC tested government bond settlement on blockchain with Mizuho and Nomura, advancing onchain collateral in TradFi

– MoneyGram expanded its Stellar partnership, scaling stablecoin adoption across cross-border payment rails

– DoorDash integrated stablecoin payouts via Tempo, extending blockchain payments into large-scale commerce

– GSR launched a multi-asset ETF covering BTC, ETH, and SOL, enabling active institutional crypto exposure

– Gensyn launched its mainnet for decentralized AI compute, enabling trustless execution of ML workloads

Machine-to-Money Rails: The Agentic Commerce Stack in 2026

Published: April 23, 2026 · Source: Cryptodiffer Analytics

Key Insights

• 38 projects mapped across 6 layers of the agentic commerce stack
• x402 moved from experiment to open infrastructure in 2025
• Stripe, Mastercard, Visa, PayPal, Google, and OpenAI are all active in the framework layer
• Build activity has shifted to identity, wallets, and commerce execution

What Is Agentic Commerce?

Agentic commerce is what happens when AI agents stop asking humans for permission

before spending money. An agent that can browse, decide, and act autonomously needs one more capability to become economically useful: the ability to pay. Not through human approval at each step, but directly, machine to machine, at the moment a service is needed. That infrastructure is being built now. We mapped the current state of the

ecosystem as of April 2026: 38 active projects across six functional layers.

The Stack

Frameworks and Standards

Stripe MPP, x402 (Linux Foundation), Google A2A / AP2, OpenAI ACP, Mastercard Agent

Pay, Visa Trusted Agent, Coinbase AgentKit

The protocol layer defines how agents identify themselves, negotiate payment, and authorize transactions. x402 is the foundation: it turned the long-dormant HTTP 402

status code into a working machine-to-machine payment standard. Its move into Linux

Foundation governance in 2025 made it a neutral open standard rather than a single

vendor’s protocol. The institutional layer followed: Stripe, Mastercard, Visa, PayPal,

Google, and OpenAI all launched agent-specific protocols in 2025 and 2026. The framework layer is largely set.

Settlement and Payment Rails

Tempo, Base, Solana, Polygon, Lobster Cash

Agents need rails that are fast, programmable, and cheap enough for micropayments at

scale. Base, Solana, and Polygon are the three networks with the most current agent

payment activity. Tempo and Lobster Cash are purpose-built for agent payment flows

with programmable spending rules and agent-native transaction formats.

Agent Identity and Trust

Skyfire, Nevermined, ATXP, Sapiom, Nava, t54 Labs

For an agent to spend money, the counterparty needs to know what it is dealing with.

Human identity systems do not map cleanly onto autonomous agents operating without

a human present. This layer is building agent credentials, authorization scopes, and

trust registries. It is currently the least settled part of the stack.

Wallet Infrastructure and Control

Crossmint, Ampersend, Turnkey, Privy, Paid.ai, Basis Theory, thirdweb, Alchemy, Safe

Agent wallets have different requirements than human wallets: programmable access,

spending limits, multi-party authorization, and the ability to operate across many

simultaneous instances. This is the most crowded layer with nine active projects. Every

other layer depends on it.

Agentic Commerce Applications

Prava, PayOS, nekuda, Firmly.ai, PayPal ACP, Fewsats

Where the stack meets the market. PayPal ACP gives agents access to PayPal’s existing

merchant network from day one. Prava, PayOS, nekuda, and Firmly.ai are building

agent-native purchasing flows, vendor management, and contract execution. Fewsats

focuses on Bitcoin Lightning micropayments for agent-to-agent transfers.

Usage and Demand

BlockRun, Olas, Agentic.market, AgentPay SDK, Zuplo

The earliest layer in development. Agentic.market is building a marketplace for agent

services. Olas provides infrastructure for deploying and monetizing autonomous agent

networks. AgentPay SDK, Zuplo, and BlockRun cover developer tooling, API gateway

infrastructure, and analytics.

Frequently Asked Questions

1.What is the agentic commerce stack?

The full set of protocols and infrastructure that enables AI agents to transact

autonomously: payment standards, blockchain settlement rails, agent identity, wallet

infrastructure, commerce applications, and demand-side tools. Cryptodiffer mapped 38

active projects across six layers as of April 2026.

2.What is x402?

A payment protocol built on the HTTP 402 status code, which has existed in the web

specification since 1991 but was never widely implemented. x402 turns it into a working

machine-to-machine payment standard. It is now governed by the Linux Foundation as a

neutral open standard.

3.Which blockchains are being used for agent payments?

Base, Solana, and Polygon have the most current activity. All three offer the speed and

low transaction costs that agent micropayments require.

4.What is the biggest unsolved problem in the stack?

Agent identity and trust. The infrastructure for verifying what an agent is, who

authorized it, and what it is permitted to spend does not yet have a dominant standard.

Methodology

Based on Cryptodiffer’s Agentic Commerce Stack map, published April 23, 2026.

Covers 38 active projects across six layers: Frameworks and Standards, Settlement and

Payment Rails, Agent Identity and Trust, Wallet Infrastructure and Control, Agentic

Commerce Applications, and Usage and Demand.

Ongoing Crypto Testnets in 2026: Full List by Category

Last updated: April 2026 · Source: Cryptodiffer Testnet Map

Key Insights

• 30+ active crypto testnets across nine major sectors
• Layer 1, AI, and Bitcoin ecosystems show the highest development activity
• Most projects are pre-mainnet, with public participation open
• Testnets remain one of the earliest entry points into new crypto ecosystems

What Are Crypto Testnets and Why Do They Matter in 2026?

A crypto testnet is a live blockchain environment used for testing before a project

launches on mainnet. It runs with tokens that carry no real monetary value, which allows

teams to experiment without financial risk, and allows users to explore without cost.

In 2026, testnets remain a core part of how blockchain projects develop.

Teams use them to stress-test infrastructure, measure user behavior, and identify bugs before real funds are at stake. For the broader ecosystem, testnets signal where development is happening before the market catches up.

For users, participating in a testnet means:

• Getting hands-on experience with a protocol before it scales
• Understanding how a product works before mainnet competition increases
• Building a verifiable on-chain history, which has historically mattered for airdrop eligibility
• Accessing ecosystems at their earliest, least-crowded stage

Testnets often become the first real interaction between a project and its community.

Active Crypto Testnets in 2026: Full List by Category

All projects below are currently part of the testnet landscape as tracked by Cryptodiffer in April 2026. Categories reflect primary focus areas.

Layer 1 / Layer 2

Projects: Ambient, Arc, Canopy, DAC, IOPn, Keeta, LitVM, Miden, Nexus, Robinhood

Chain, Seismic

This is the largest and most active category in 2026. Layer 1 and Layer 2 projects form

the base infrastructure layer of the blockchain stack. They define consensus mechanisms, execution environments, and the developer experience for everything built on top.

Current testnet activity in this segment reflects a continued push toward performance

improvements, alternative virtual machines, and new approaches to scalability.

What to expect: deploying contracts, bridging assets, submitting transactions, running

nodes.

DeFi

Projects: Dexlyn Labs, Euphoria, FluX, Nunchi, BULK

Decentralized finance testnets simulate the on-chain financial systems that will go live

at mainnet. This includes swapping, providing liquidity, yield strategies, and protocol

governance.

Testing in DeFi is especially critical because smart contract vulnerabilities in financial

protocols carry direct monetary risk at mainnet. The testnet phase is where edge cases

in liquidity math, slippage models, and liquidation logic get identified.

What to expect: token swaps, liquidity provisioning, staking, governance voting.

Perp DEX

Projects: Euphoria, FluX, Nunchi

Perpetual decentralized exchanges (Perp DEXs) are a distinct and technically demanding subset of DeFi. They enable leveraged trading of synthetic assets without an expiry date, and their mechanics require extensive testing under simulated market stress.

Note: Euphoria, FluX, and Nunchi appear in both DeFi and Perp DEX. These projects

operate within DeFi broadly but specialize in perpetual trading infrastructure.

What to expect: placing long/short positions, testing leverage mechanics, simulating

liquidations.

Infrastructure

Projects: GitLawb, Push Chain

Infrastructure projects don’t typically face users directly. They support the developer

tooling, communication layers, and coordination systems that other protocols depend on.

GitLawb targets the intersection of version control and on-chain governance. Push

Chain focuses on decentralized communication infrastructure. Both represent areas that

rarely get attention from testnet participants but are essential for ecosystem health.

What to expect: developer integrations, notification systems, protocol coordination

tools.

Bitcoin Ecosystem

Projects: Arch, Hashi

Bitcoin’s base layer offers strong security but limited programmability. These projects

extend Bitcoin’s capabilities by enabling smart contract logic, bridging, and additional

transaction types without modifying the core protocol.

Arch focuses on bringing programmability directly to Bitcoin. Hashi explores cross-chain interoperability with Bitcoin as a settlement layer.

What to expect: BTC-adjacent transactions, cross-chain bridging, script-based

interactions.

Privacy

Projects: Fhenix, Inco

Privacy infrastructure is among the most technically complex categories in crypto.

Fhenix and Inco both work with fully homomorphic encryption (FHE), a cryptographic

approach that enables computation on encrypted data without ever decrypting it. This has significant implications for DeFi (hiding transaction amounts), identity systems

(verifying credentials without revealing them), and enterprise blockchain adoption.

What to expect: encrypted transaction submission, confidential smart contract

interactions.

AI / Data / Robotics

Projects: InterLink, Neura, Nexchain, Ritual, Shelby, Xenea, Konnex

This is the fastest-growing category in the 2026 testnet landscape. It combines

blockchain infrastructure with AI inference, data availability, autonomous agents, and

robotics coordination.

Projects in this space are exploring how on-chain systems can coordinate AI model

execution, verify computation integrity, and create decentralized data markets. Most are

in early development stages, which means participation windows are still relatively

open.

What to expect: running inference tasks, contributing data, interacting with

autonomous agents.

Payments & Predictions

Projects: KiiChain, Based, Oriole Insights

This category focuses on specific application-layer use cases. KiiChain and Based

explore payments infrastructure and stablecoin-adjacent mechanics. Oriole Insights

targets prediction markets: systems that aggregate decentralized forecasts on real-

world outcomes.

What to expect: payment flows, prediction market resolution, on-chain forecasting.

Trading & Stablecoins

Projects: Nemesis, Stabilizer

Trading infrastructure and stable asset mechanisms require precise testing before mainnet. Nemesis focuses on trading primitives. Stabilizer tests the mechanics of maintaining peg stability, which is the core challenge of any stablecoin design.

What to expect: trading flows, peg stress testing, stability mechanism interactions.

Summary by Category

• Layer 1 / Layer 2 (11 projects): Ambient, Arc, Canopy, DAC, IOPn, Keeta, LitVM, Miden, Nexus, Robinhood Chain, Seismic
• DeFi (5 projects): Dexlyn Labs, Euphoria, FluX, Nunchi, BULK
• Perp DEX (3 projects): Euphoria, FluX, Nunchi
• Infrastructure (2 projects): GitLawb, Push Chain
• Bitcoin Ecosystem (2 projects): Arch, Hashi Focus: BTC-based solutions
• Privacy (2 projects): Fhenix, Inco
• AI / Data / Robotics (7 projects): InterLink, Neura, Nexchain, Ritual, Shelby, Xenea, Konnex
• Payments / Predictions (3 projects): KiiChain, Based, Oriole Insights
• Trading / Stablecoins (2 projects): Nemesis, Stabilizer

How to Participate in Crypto Testnets

Getting started is straightforward. Most public testnets require no prior experience.

1. Set up a wallet. MetaMask, Rabby, or a project-specific wallet depending on the

ecosystem

2. Add the testnet network. RPC details are usually in the project’s official docs

3. Get test tokens from a faucet. Most projects offer a faucet that sends free testnet

tokens on request

4. Interact with the protocol. Swap, stake, bridge, trade, or submit transactions

depending on what the project supports

5. Stay consistent. Regular activity across multiple sessions typically matters more

than a single large transaction

Note on airdrop eligibility: Historically, testnet participation has been a signal used

by projects when distributing tokens at mainnet launch. This is not guaranteed, but it

has been common practice. Interact because the product is interesting. Treat potential rewards as a bonus, not the goal.

Frequently Asked Questions

1.What is a crypto testnet?

A testnet is a blockchain network that mirrors the design of a mainnet but operates with

tokens that have no real monetary value. It exists so that development teams can test

functionality, performance, and security in a live environment, and so that users can

interact with a protocol before it handles real funds. Testnets can be public (open to

anyone) or private (restricted to a team or set of validators).

2.Why participate in crypto testnets in 2026?

There are several practical reasons. First, testnets let you understand how a protocol

works before it reaches mainnet, which is useful if you plan to use or invest in a project.

Second, on-chain activity during a testnet phase has historically been one of the criteria

projects use when distributing airdrops at launch. Third, early participation gives you

access to ecosystems before they attract broader attention. The cost is low: only time and no real funds are at risk.

3.How do I start with crypto testnets?

The standard process is: create a crypto wallet → add the testnet network (RPC settings

are in the project’s official documentation) → request test tokens from the project’s

faucet → start interacting with the protocol. Most projects publish step-by-step guides.

The barrier to entry is intentionally low.

4.Are all the testnets listed here currently active?

All projects listed are part of the active testnet landscape tracked by Cryptodiffer in

April 2026. Testnet availability can change. Some projects pause or reset their testnets

during development cycles. Check each project’s official channels for current status.

5.Which crypto sectors show the most testnet activity in 2026?

Layer 1 and Layer 2 infrastructure leads with 11 projects. AI, data, and robotics is the

fastest-growing segment with 7 projects. Bitcoin ecosystem development continues to

expand. DeFi and Perp DEX remain steady. Privacy and infrastructure have fewer

projects but represent technically significant areas.

6.Do testnets always lead to airdrops?

Not always, and projects rarely make explicit promises during the testnet phase. That

said, testnet participation has been part of the distribution criteria for a significant

number of mainnet launches. The more reliable reason to participate is genuine interest

in the product. Airdrop eligibility, if it comes, is a secondary outcome.

7.What is the difference between a testnet and a mainnet?

A mainnet is the live, production version of a blockchain where real assets are used and

all transactions have monetary consequences. A testnet is a separate, parallel

environment for testing. Tokens have no value, and errors don’t affect real funds.

Projects typically run testnets for months before transitioning to mainnet.

Methodology

This overview is based on the Cryptodiffer testnet map, updated April 2026. Projects

are categorized by their primary focus area. Projects that span multiple categories (e.g.,

Euphoria in both DeFi and Perp DEX) are listed in all applicable sections with a note

explaining the overlap. This list covers public and semi-public testnets. Private devnet-

stage projects are excluded.

XPIN is rolling out a new model combining DePIN infrastructure with PayFi distribution, pushing toward real-world adoption. The project introduces a “free connectivity” approach, linking token utility directly to mobile data access and payment integrations.

The newly launched Freedata Plan allows users to deposit XPIN into a Loyalty Deposit and unlock VIP status. Depending on the tier, users can access up to 5GB of monthly global eSIM data across 149 countries while earning yield on their deposit.

VIP benefits also include up to 50% discounts on additional eSIM purchases, boosted dNFT mining rewards, and up to 2% extra referral bonuses. The system creates a loop where staking enables real-world connectivity, strengthening utility beyond speculation.

Polymarket is expanding its distribution through a major integration with Bitget Wallet, giving access to more than 90 million global users. The self-custodial wallet will now allow users to directly access Polymarket’s prediction markets within its decentralized interface.

The company is also reportedly seeking $400M in new funding at a $15B valuation. The move follows a $600M investment from NYSE parent ICE in March.

Beyond access, Bitget Wallet is also introducing AI-powered sports analysis tools to help users interpret market conditions, with joint initiatives planned around major events such as the NBA Playoffs and FIFA World Cup. 

Users will be able to fund accounts via Apple Pay and other payment methods, with gas abstraction enabling near-frictionless transactions across major EVM chains and Solana.

This infographic reveals the largest known BTC hodlers, from exchanges like Coinbase and Binance to major institutions like BlackRock and Strategy.

SpaceX secured an option to buy Cursor for $60B, with an alternative $10B partnership structure if the acquisition does not go through. The deal gives Cursor access to xAI’s Colossus supercomputer, helping remove a key compute bottleneck while deepening the link between Cursor’s coding product and xAI’s infrastructure.

The structure creates a powerful vertical AI play: Cursor brings a code editor and strong developer distribution, while SpaceX & xAI bring compute, capital & internal demand for coding agents.

The move also comes as SpaceX pushes further into AI tooling ahead of a potential IPO and as Cursor remains one of the fastest-growing companies in the AI developer stack.

The upgrade pushes toward faster withdrawals, stronger security, and higher throughput. It also introduces multiproofs for a step toward Stage 2 decentralization, streamlines the client stack for performance, and is scheduled for mainnet on May 13.

On top of that, the upgrade aligns Base more closely with Ethereum’s latest specs, while an Immunefi audit competition with a $250,000 reward pool runs ahead of activation.

Sui-based Volo Protocol lost approximately $3.5M in WBTC, XAUm, and USDC from three affected vaults. The team froze the vaults immediately, said the rest of the platform’s ~$28M in TVL remains safe, and has already frozen ~$500K of the stolen funds.

Volo is a Sui-based platform offering yield strategies through managed vaults, allowing users to deposit assets and earn returns. It focuses on automated vaults that optimize yield.

Anthropic is investigating reports that unauthorized users accessed its Mythos model through a third-party vendor environment. The incident comes as the company keeps Mythos under limited release due to concerns around its advanced cybersecurity capabilities.

Anthropic is currently expanding Mythos access to major banks and may extend it to European and UK banks soon.